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Throne to obtain, through its intervention, some redress of their injured rights, to none of which was ever even an answer condescended; humbly to hope that this their joint Address, penned in the language of truth, and divested of those expressions of servility which would persuade his Majesty that we are asking favours, and not rights, shall obtain from his Majesty a more respectful acceptance. And this his Majesty will think we have reason to expect when he reflects that he is no more than the Chief Officer of the people, appointed by the laws, and circumscribed with definitive power, to assist in working the great machine of Government, erected for their use, and consequently subject to their superintendence. And in order that these our rights, as well as the invasions of them, may be laid more fully before his Majesty, to take a view of them from the origin and first settlement of these countries
To remind him that our ancestors, before their emigration to America, were the free inhabitants of the British Dominions in Europe, and possessed a right which nature has given to all men, of departing from the country in which chance, not choice, has placed them, of going in quest of new habitations, and of their establishing new societies under such laws and regulations as to them shall seem most likely to promote publick happiness. That their Saxon ancestors had, under this universal law, in like manner left their native wilds and woods in the North of Europe, had possessed themselves of the Isle of Britain, then less charged with inhabitants, and had established there that system of laws which has so long been the glory and protection of that country. Nor was ever any claim of superiority or dependence asserted over them by that mother country from which they had migrated; and were such a claim made, it is believed that his Majesty's subjects in Great Britain have too firm a feeling of the rights derived to them from their ancestors, to bow down the sovereignty of their state before such visionary pretensions. And it is thought that no circumstance has occurred to distinguish materially the British from the Saxon emigration. America was conquered and her settlements made, and firmly established, at the expense of individuals, and not of the British publick. Their own blood was spilt in acquiring lands for their settlement; their own fortunes expended in mating that settlement effectual; for themselves they fought, for themselves they conquered, and for themselves alone they have right to hold. Not a shilling was ever issued from the publick treasures of his Majesty, or his ancestors for their assistance, till of very late times, after the Colonies had become established upon a firm and permanent footing. That then, indeed, having become valuable to Great Britain for her commercial purposes, his Parliament was pleased to lend them assistance against an enemy who would fain have drawn to herself the benefits of their commerce, to the great aggrandizement of herself and danger of Great Britain. Such assistance and in such circumstances, they had often before given to Portugal, and other allied states, with whom they carry on a commercial intercourse; yet these States never supposed, that by calling in her aid they thereby submitted themselves to her sovereignty. Had such terms been proposed, they would have rejected them with disdain, and trusted for better to the moderation of their enemies, or to a vigorous exertion of their own force. We do not, however, mean to underrate those aids, which to us were doubtless valuable, on whatever principles granted; but we would show that they cannot give a title to that authority which the British Parliament would arrogate over us, and that they may amply be repaid by our giving to the inhabitants of Great Britain, such exclusive privileges in trade as may be advantageous to them, and at the same time not too restrictive to ourselves. That settlements having been thus effected in the wilds of America, the emigrants thought proper to adopt that system of laws under which they had hitherto lived in the mother country, and to continue their union with her by submitting themselves to the same common Sovereign, who was thereby made the central link connecting the several parts of the Empire thus newly multiplied.
But that not long were they permitted, however far they thought themselves removed from the hand of oppression, to hold undisturbed the rights thus acquired at the hazard of their lives, and loss of their fortunes. A family of Princes was then on the British, Throne, whose treasonable crimes against their people brought on them afterwards the exertion of those sacred and sovereign rights of punishment, reserved in the hands of the people for cases of extreme necessity, and judged by the Constitution unsafe to be delegated to any other judicature. While every day brought forth some new and unjustifiable exertion of power over their subjects on that side of the water, it was not to be expected that those here, much less able at that time, to oppose the designs of despotism, should be exempted from injury.
Accordingly that country, which had been acquired by the lives, the labours, and the fortunes of individual adventurers, was by these Princes, at several times, parted out and distributed among the favourites and* followers of their fortunes, and, by an assumed right of the Crown alone, were erected into distinct and independent Governments; a measure which it is believed his Majesty's prudence and understanding would prevent him from imitating at this day, as no exercise of such power, of dividing and dismembering a country, has ever occurred in his Majesty's Realm of England, though now of very ancient standing; nor could it be justified or acquiesced under there, or in any other part of his Majesty's Empire.
That the exercise of a free trade with all parts of the world, possessed by the American Colonists, as of natural right, and which no law of their own had taken away or abridged, was next the object of unjust encroachment. Some of the Colonies having thought proper to continue the Administration of their Government in the name and under the authority of his Majesty King Charles the First, whom notwithstanding his late deposition by the Commonwealth of England, they continued in the sovereignty of their state; the Parliament for the Commonwealth took the same in high offence, and assumed upon themselves the power of prohibiting their trade with all other parts of the world, except the Island of Great Britain. This arbitrary act, however, they soon recalled, and by solemn treaty, entered into on the 12th day of March, 1651, between the said Commonwealth, by their Commissioners, and the Colony of Virginia, by their House of Burgesses, it was expressly stipulated by the eighth article of the said treaty, that they should have "free trade as the people of England do enjoy, to all places and with all Nations, according to the laws of that Commonwealth." But that upon the restoration of his Majesty King Charles the Second, their rights of free commerce fell once more a victim to arbitrary power; and by several Acts† of his reign, as well as of some of his successors, the trade of the Colonies were laid under such restrictions as show what hopes they might form from the justice of a British Parliament, were its uncontrolled power admitted over these States. History has informed us that bodies of men, as well as individuals, are susceptible of the spirit of tyranny. A view of these Acts of Parliament for the regulation, as it has been affectedly called, of the American trade, if all other evidence were removed out of the case, would undeniably evince the truth of this observation, Besides the duties they impose on our articles of export and import, they prohibit our going to any markets northward of Cape Finisterre, in the Kingdom of Spain, for the sale of commodities which Great Britain will not take from us, and for the purchase of others with which she cannot supply us, and that for no other than the arbitrary purposes of purchasing for themselves, by a sacrifice of our rights and interests, certain privileges in their
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